Russia

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Russia See also: Ukraine | Allies and enemies | President Trump

Quinnipiac University Poll. March 10-14, 2022. N=1,936 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.2.
					.
"Do you think Russian President Vladimir Putin is mentally stable or mentally unstable?"
					.
		Mentally stable	Mentally unstable	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	3/10-14/22	24	60	16
	3/4-6/22	21	60	19
	2/25-27/22	31	49	20

NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll. March 1-2, 2022. N=1,322 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.8.
						.
"Do you support or oppose the economic sanctions placed on Russia by the United States and its European allies?"
						.
		Support	Oppose	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/1-2/22	83	13	4
						.
"Do you support or oppose the economic sanctions placed on Russia by the United States and its European allies?" If support: "Do you support or oppose the economic sanctions placed on Russia if it results in higher energy prices in the United States?" Combined responses
						.
		Support: If higher prices, still support	Support: If higher prices, oppose	Support: If higher prices, unsure	Oppose	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/1-2/22	69	12	2	13	4

Quinnipiac University Poll. Feb. 25-27, 2022. N=1,364 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.7.
						.
"Is your opinion of Vladimir Putin favorable, unfavorable, or haven't you heard enough about him?"
						.
		Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven't heard enough	Refused
		%	%	%	%
	2/25-27/22	4	81	12	2

Quinnipiac University Poll. Feb. 10-14, 2022. N=1,321 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.7.
					.
"Do you think Russia poses a military threat to the United States, or not?"
					.
		Think it does	Do not	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	2/10-14/22	62	34	5

Monmouth University Poll. Sept. 3-8, 2020. N=758 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.6.

"Do you think the Russian government is trying to interfere in the 2020 presidential election? Would you say definitely, probably, probably not, or definitely not?"

		Definitely	Probably	Probably not	Definitely not	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	9/3-8/20	36	28	21	10	4

"Are you concerned or not concerned that Donald Trump may be too friendly toward Russia?"

		Concerned	Not concerned	Unsure
		%	%	%
	9/3-8/20	48	51	2
	12/4-8/19 Adults	46	49	4
	6/12-17/19 Adults	47	48	4
	1/25-27/19 Adults	50	47	2

Gallup Poll. Feb. 3-16, 2020. N=1,028 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 4.
					.
"Next, I'd like your overall opinion of some foreign countries. ... What is your overall opinion of Russia? Is it very favorable, mostly favorable, mostly unfavorable, or very unfavorable?"
					.
		Favorable	Unfavorable	No opinion
		%	%	%
	2/3-16/20	28	72	1
	2/1-10/19	24	73	3
	2/1-10/18	25	72	2
	2/1-5/17	28	70	2
	2/3-7/16	30	65	5
	2/8-11/15	24	70	6
	2/6-9/14	34	60	6
	2/7-10/13	44	50	7
	2/2-5/12	50	44	6
	2/2-5/11	51	42	7
	2/1-3/10	47	45	7

Pew Research Center. July 10-15, 2019. N=1,502 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.

"How confident are you that the Trump administration is making a serious effort to prevent Russia from influencing future U.S. elections? Are you very confident, somewhat confident, not too confident, or not at all confident?"

		Very confident	Somewhat confident	Not too confident	Not at all confident	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/10-15/19	25	21	16	35	2

Monmouth University Poll. May 16-20, 2019. N=802 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.5.

"Do you think the Russian government tried to interfere in the 2016 presidential election? Would you say definitely, probably, probably not, or definitely not?"

		Definitely	Probably	Probably not	Definitely not	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	5/16-20/19	44	29	12	11	4
	1/25-27/19	40	29	16	10	4

"If Russia did interfere in the presidential election, how much damage did it cause to American democracy: a lot, a little, or none at all?"

		A lot	A little	None at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	5/16-20/19	49	19	28	4
	1/25-27/19	46	21	30	3

"Do you think the Russian government tried to interfere in the 2018 midterm election? Would you say definitely, probably, probably not, or definitely not?"

		Definitely	Probably	Probably not	Definitely not	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	5/16-20/19	21	36	22	12	8

"Is the U.S. government doing enough or not doing enough to stop Russian interference in the American electoral system?"

		Doing enough	Not doing enough	They're not interfering (vol.)	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	5/16-20/19	28	60	3	9
	1/25-27/19	27	57	2	14

Gallup Poll. Feb. 1-10, 2019. N=1,016 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 4.
						.
"Next, I am going to read you a list of possible threats to the vital interests of the United States in the next 10 years. For each one, please tell me if you see this as a critical threat, an important but not critical threat, or not an important threat at all. ... The military power of Russia."
						.
		Critical	Important	Not important	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	2/1-10/19	52	39	8	1
	2/3-7/16	39	47	11	3
	2/8-11/15	49	41	7	3
	2/6-9/14	32	49	17	2
	2/7-10/13	29	53	17	1
	2/1-3/10	23	52	22	3
	2/9-12/04	18	50	29	3

NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R). Jan. 20-23, 2019. N=900 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.3. RV = registered voters. Among adults, except where noted.

"In general, do you believe that Donald Trump has a relationship with Vladimir Putin that is too friendly and therefore not appropriate for an American president to have with the president of Russia, or do you not have an opinion on this?"

		Do believe it's too friendly	Do not believe it's too friendly	Don't have an opinion	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	1/20-23/19	35	29	35	1
	7/15-18/18 RV	45	29	26	-
	2/18-22/17	38	29	32	1
	1/12-15/17	33	24	41	2
	12/12-15/16	31	24	44	1

Gallup Poll. Aug. 1-12, 2018. N=1,024 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 4.
						.
"Next, we'd like to get your overall opinion of some people in the news. As I read each name, please say if you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of these people -- or if you have never heard of them. ... How about Russian president Vladimir Putin?"
						.
		Favorable	Unfavorable	Never heard of	No opinion
		%	%	%	%
	8/1-12/18	13	76	7	4
	6/7-11/17	13	74	5	7
	2/1-5/17	22	72	2	4
	2/8-11/15	13	72	5	11
	3/22-23/14	9	69	12	10
	2/6-9/14	19	63	11	7
	9/15-16/13	19	54	13	13
	10/6-8/03	38	28	16	18
	5/20-22/02	41	18	13	28
						.
"How closely have you been following the news about Russia and the 2016 U.S. presidential election: very closely, somewhat closely, not too closely, or not at all?"
						.
		Very closely	Somewhat closely	Not too closely	Not at all
		%	%	%	%
	8/1-12/18	33	34	18	14
						.
"Which comes closer to your view about Russian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election: Russians did not interfere in the 2016 election, Russians interfered in the 2016 election, but their actions did not change the outcome of the election, or Russians interfered in the 2016 election and their actions changed the outcome of the election?" Options rotated
						.
		Did not interfere	Interfered, didn't change outcome	Interfered, changed outcome	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	8/1-12/18	16	36	39	9
						.
"In your view, is it more important that the United States take strong diplomatic and economic steps against Russia, or is it more important that the U.S. continue efforts to improve relations with Russia?"
						.
		Take strong steps against Russia	Continue to improve relations	Both the same (vol.)	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	8/1-12/18	36	58	4	3

Quinnipiac University Poll. July 18-23, 2018. N=1,177 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.5.
						.
"Do you see Russia as an ally of the United States, an adversary of the United States, or do you see Russia as neither of these things?"
						.
		An ally	An adversary	Neither	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%
	7/18-23/18	5	55	37	3
	3/3-5/18	3	55	38	3
	6/22-27/17	6	52	39	3
	5/31 - 6/6/17	8	45	43	4
	1/20-25/17	9	46	41	4
						.
"Is your opinion of Vladimir Putin favorable, unfavorable, or haven't you heard enough about him?"
						.
		Favorable	Unfavorable	Haven't heard enough	Refused
		%	%	%	%
	7/18-23/18	6	72	19	2
	2/16-21/17	7	72	18	3
	1/20-25/17	9	70	20	1
	1/5-9/17	9	68	19	4
						.
"Do you consider the Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election to be an attack on the democratic process of the United States, or don't you consider it an attack?"
						.
		Consider it an attack	Don't consider it an attack	Russia didn't interfere (vol.)	Refused
		%	%	%	%
	7/18-23/18	67	24	2	7
						.
"How concerned are you that the Russian government may try to interfere in the 2018 elections: very concerned, somewhat concerned, not so concerned, or not concerned at all?"
						.
		Very concerned	Somewhat concerned	Not so concerned	Not concerned at all	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/18-23/18	42	21	16	20	1
	2/16-19/18	45	23	12	19	1
	5/17-23/17	38	21	16	24	1

NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll. July 19-22, 2018. N=1,061 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.6.
						.
"How likely do you think there will be Russian interference in November's mid-term elections: very likely, likely, not very likely, or not likely at all?"
						.
		Very likely	Likely	Not very likely	Not likely at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/19-22/18	30	27	20	18	5
	4/10-13/18	26	29	22	18	5
	3/5-6/18	25	26	22	20	7
	2/5-7/18	17	24	23	29	6

CBS News Poll. July 17-18, 2018. N=1,007 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 4.
						.
"Which of these is the way you would prefer the U.S. deal with Russia right now? Mostly put economic and diplomatic pressure on Russia. OR, Mostly look for dialogue and areas to cooperate with Russia."
						.
		Pressure	Dialogue, cooperation	Unsure/ No answer		.
		%	%	%
	7/17-18/18	48	41	11
						.
"Do you consider Russia an ally of the United States, friendly but not an ally, unfriendly, or an enemy of the United States?"
						.
		An ally	Friendly, not an ally	Unfriendly	An enemy	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/17-18/18	6	37	26	25	6
	7/29 - 8/4/14	7	29	34	22	9
	3/20-23/14	7	35	33	18	7
	6/26-28/07	10	58	18	6	8
	2/24-25/03	20	60	8	4	8
	11/13-14/01	25	55	5	5	10
						.
"As you may know, U.S. intelligence agencies have concluded that Russia interfered in the U.S. presidential election and may try to interfere in U.S. elections again. From what you have seen or heard, do you believe those U.S. intelligence assessments, or not?"
						.
		Believe assessments	Do not believe	Unsure/ No answer		.
		%	%	%
	7/17-18/18	70	24	6
						.
"How concerned are you that Russia may try to interfere in the 2018 U.S. elections: very concerned, somewhat concerned, not very concerned, or not at all concerned?"
						.
		Very concerned	Somewhat concerned	Not very concerned	Not at all concerned	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/17-18/18	40	21	18	19	1
	3/8-11/18	38	24	18	19	1

NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R). July 15-18, 2018. N=774 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.3. RV = registered voters. Among adults, except where noted.

"In general, do you think of Russia as more of an ally or more of an adversary?"

		More of an ally	More of an adversary	Neither/ Both (vol.)	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	7/15-18/18 RV	16	72	4	8
	4/8-11/18	16	74	4	6
	6/12-15/09	29	49	7	15
	8/15-18/08 RV	19	62	8	11
	4/5-7/02	52	26	11	11
	5/96	48	28	10	14
	3/95	56	35	5	4

Gallup Poll. July 2-8, 2018. N=1,291 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.
						.
"For each of the following countries, please say whether you consider it an ally of the United States, friendly but not an ally, unfriendly, or an enemy of the United States. ... How about Russia?"
						.
		An ally	Friendly but not an ally	Unfriendly	An enemy	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/2-8/18	6	25	37	29	2
	3/22-23/14	5	21	44	24	5
	9/15-16/13	13	31	34	16	7
	6/1-4/13	11	41	30	12	6
	7/6-9/06	18	55	16	4	6
	4/22-23/03	15	50	20	10	5
	3/14-15/03	23	44	25	5	3
	4/20-22/01	11	45	25	13	6
	5/18-21/00	12	49	22	11	6
	3/17-19/00	9	34	26	14	17
	4/13/99	2	44	27	5	22

CNN Poll conducted by SSRS. June 14-17, 2018. N=1,012 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.7.
						.
"We'd like to get your overall opinion of some people in the news. As I read each name, please say if you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of these people -- or if you have never heard of them. ... How about Russian President Vladimir Putin?"
						.
		Favorable	Unfavorable	Never heard of	No opinion	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%	%
	6/14-17/18	11	72	5	9	3
	5/2-5/18	11	77	3	6	3

ABC News/Washington Post Poll. April 8-11, 2018. N=1,002 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.5.
						.
"Russia has been implicated in a variety of violations of international law. Do you think Trump has done too much or too little to criticize Russia on these issues, or has he handled it about right?"
						.
		Too much	Too little	About right	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	4/8-11/18	4	49	38	9
						.
"Would you support or oppose tougher U.S. sanctions against Russia?"
						.
		Support	Oppose	Unsure
		%	%	%
	4/8-11/18	68	21	11
						.
"Do you think Trump should hold a summit meeting with Russian leader Vladimir Putin at the White House in order to try to improve U.S.-Russian relations, or do you think Trump should NOT hold a summit with Putin at the White House because it would give Putin legitimacy while his government allegedly violates international laws?"
						.
		Should hold meeting	Should not hold meeting	Unsure
		%	%	%
	4/8-11/18	52	42	6

CBS News Poll. March 8-11, 2018. N=1,223 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.
						.
"Is your opinion of Russian President Vladimir Putin favorable, not favorable, undecided, or haven't you heard enough about Vladimir Putin yet to have an opinion?"
						.
		Favorable	Not favorable	Undecided	Haven't heard enough	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/8-11/18	5	56	19	18	2

Marist Poll. Feb. 5-7, 2018. N=1,012 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.7.
						.
"Since 2016, do you think social media sites such as Facebook or Twitter have done a great deal, a good amount, a little, or nothing at all to ensure that there is no Russian interference in this year's mid-term elections?"
						.
		A great deal	A good amount	A little	Nothing at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	2/5-7/18	5	9	33	40	12
						.
"Since 2016, do you think Congress has done a great deal, a good amount, a little, or nothing at all to ensure that there is no Russian interference in this year's mid-term elections?"
						.
		A great deal	A good amount	A little	Nothing at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	2/5-7/18	6	12	35	38	9

Bloomberg National Poll conducted by Selzer & Company. July 8-12, 2017. N=1,001 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.1.
					.
"... For each, please tell me if your feelings are very favorable, mostly favorable, mostly unfavorable, or very unfavorable. If you don't know enough to answer, just say so. ... Vladimir Putin, president of the Russian Federation."
					.
		Favorable	Unfavorable	Unsure
		%	%	%
	7/8-12/17	15	65	21
	8/5-8/16	10	64	26

Quinnipiac University Poll. June 22-27, 2017. N=1,212 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.4.
						.
"Do you believe President Trump has too friendly of an attitude towards Russia, too unfriendly of an attitude towards Russia, or has about the right attitude towards Russia?" 1/5-9/17: "Do you believe President-elect Trump ...."
						.
		Too friendly	Too unfriendly	About right attitude	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%
	6/22-27/17	50	3	42	5
	5/31 - 6/6/17	54	3	38	5
	2/16-21/17	54	2	37	6
	1/20-25/17	49	3	43	5
	1/5-9/17	50	4	40	7

NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll. June 21-25, 2017. N=1,205 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.8.

"Do you think President Trump's goal of improving relations with Russia is mostly a good thing for the United States, or mostly a bad thing for the United States?"

		Mostly good	Mostly bad	Unsure
		%	%	%
	6/21-25/17	46	41	13

"Do you think it's better for the United States to build relationships with Russia, or treat Russia as a threat?"

		Build relationships	Treat as a threat	Unsure
		%	%	%
	6/21-25/17	59	31	10

Marist Poll. April 11-12, 2017. N=1,069 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.

"Do you think Russia is a major threat to the security of the United States, a minor threat, or no threat at all?"

		A major threat	A minor threat	No threat at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	4/11-12/17	47	40	10	3

NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R). Feb. 18-22, 2017. N=1,000 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.1.

"And, do you think that the U.S. Congress should investigate whether or not there was contact between the Russian government and the Trump campaign in 2016? If you do not know enough to have an opinion either way, just say so." Half sample (Form A)

		Should investigate	Should not investigate	Don't know enough	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	2/18-22/17	53	25	21	1

"And, do you think that the U.S. Congress should investigate whether or not the Russian government interfered with the 2016 presidential election? If you do not know enough to have an opinion either way, just say so." Half sample (Form B)

		Should investigate	Should not investigate	Don't know enough	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	2/18-22/17	54	29	16	1

Quinnipiac University Poll. Jan. 20-25, 2017. N=1,190 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.8.
					.
"Do you think that the Russian government interfered with the 2016 presidential election, or not?"
					.
		Think they did	Do not think they did	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	ALL	53	39	8
	Republicans	15	74	11
	Democrats	84	10	7
	Independents	53	41	7
					.
"Do you support or oppose investigations into the Russian government's potential role in the 2016 presidential election?"
					.
		Support	Oppose	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	ALL	68	28	4
	Republicans	43	51	6
	Democrats	88	11	1
	Independents	67	29	4
					.
"Do you approve or disapprove of the new sanctions ordered by the U.S. government against Russia in retaliation for alleged election interference?"
					.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	1/20-25/17	56	30	14
	Republicans	27	54	19
	Democrats	80	11	9
	Independents	57	30	13
					.
	1/5-9/17	53	34	12
					.
"Do you support or oppose investigations into the potential links between some of Donald Trump's campaign advisors and the Russian government?"
					.
		Support	Oppose	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	ALL	62	32	6
	Republicans	28	61	11
	Democrats	87	11	2
	Independents	66	31	4

ABC News/Washington Post Poll. Jan. 12-15, 2017. N=1,005 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.5.
						.
"Do you think Trump is being too friendly towards Russia, too confrontational toward them, or is taking about the right approach?"
						.
		Too friendly	Too confrontational	About right	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	1/12-15/17	43	5	40	11
						.
"Given what you've heard or read, do you think the Russian government did or did not hack into and leak Clinton campaign e-mails during the presidential campaign?"
						.
		Did hack, leak	Did not hack, leak	Unsure
		%	%	%
	1/12-15/17	64	20	15
						.
"Given what you've heard or read, do you think the Russian government did or did not hack into and leak Clinton campaign e-mails during the presidential campaign?" If did hack and leak: "Do you think Russia leaked this material with the goal of helping Trump win the election, or not?" Combined responses.
						.
		Did hack: To help Trump	Did hack: Not to help Trump	Did hack: Unsure why	Did not hack, leak	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	1/12-15/17	45	16	3	20	15
						.
"Do you approve or disapprove of the way Trump has responded to the issue of Russian hacking?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure
		%	%	%
	1/12-15/17	35	54	10

NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R). Jan. 12-15, 2017. N=1,000 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.1.

"And, moving on: Do you think the Russian government interfered with the 2016 presidential election by hacking into the computers of the Democratic Party?"

		Yes, interfered	No, did not interfere	Unsure
		%	%	%
	1/12-15/17	51	36	13

"Do you think the Russian government interfered with the 2016 presidential election by hacking into the computers of the Democratic Party?" If yes: "Do you think this interference by the Russians affected the outcome of the election?" Combined responses.

		Interfered: Affected outcome	Interfered: Did not affect outcome	Interfered: Unsure if affected outcome	Did not interfere or unsure if they did
		%	%	%	%
	1/12-15/17	36	13	2	49

Quinnipiac University. Jan. 5-9, 2017. N=899 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.3.
					.
"Do you think that the Russian government interfered with the 2016 presidential election through hacking, or not?"
					.
		Think they did	Do not think they did	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	ALL	55	36	10
	Republicans	29	64	8
	Democrats	78	14	8
	Independents	56	33	11
					.
	If think they did interfere: "Do you think that the Russian government interfered with the 2016 presidential election specifically to help Donald Trump become president, or not?"
					.
		Think they interfered to help Trump	Do not think they did	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	1/5-9/17	75	20	5
					.
"Do you believe that the results of any further investigations into Russia's interference should be released to the public, or not?"
					.
		Believe it should be	Do not believe it should be	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	1/5-9/17	82	13	5

Pew Research Center. Jan. 4-9, 2017. N=1,502 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.9.
						.
"Is your overall opinion of Vladimir Putin is very favorable, mostly favorable, mostly UNfavorable, or very unfavorable?"
						.
		Favorable	Unfavorable	Never heard of (vol.)	Can't rate (vol.)/ Refused
		%	%	%	%
	1/4-9/17	19	69	6	7
	2/18-22/15	12	70	10	8
						.
"All things considered, which of these descriptions comes closest to your view of Russia today? Do you think Russia is an adversary, a serious problem but not an adversary, or not much of a problem?" N=746 (Form 1); margin of error ą 4.1
						.
		An adversary	A serious problem, not an adversary	Not much of a problem	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%
	1/4-9/17	29	44	24	3
	10/20-25/16	23	46	23	7
	4/12-19/16	23	44	30	4
	7/24-27/14	26	49	15	9
	3/20-23/14	26	43	22	10
	10/30 - 11/6/13	18	36	40	6
	10/28 - 11/8/09	15	32	42	11
	9/9-14/08	18	48	28	6
						.
"How much, if anything, have you heard or read about allegations that Russia was involved in hacking the Democratic National Committee and the Clinton campaign last year: a lot, a little, or nothing at all?"
						.
		A lot	A little	Nothing at all	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%
	1/4-9/17	61	27	12	1
						.
	If have heard or read about it: "From what you've read and heard about this topic, do you think Russia was definitely, probably, probably not, or definitely not behind these hacks?"
						.
		Definitely behind	Probably behind	Probably not behind	Definitely not behind	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%	%
	1/4-9/17	36	36	17	7	4
						.
	If have heard or read about it: "As you may know, the U.S. has imposed sanctions and taken actions against Russia as a response. Do you think these sanctions and actions against Russia go too far, do not go far enough, or are about right?"
						.
		Go too far	Do not go far enough	Are about right	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%
	1/4-9/17	20	27	46	8

Suffolk University/USA Today. Dec. 14-18, 2016. N=1,000 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.

"How concerned are you about the conclusions by some U.S. intelligence agencies that Russian state interests tried to meddle in the U.S. presidential election: very concerned, somewhat concerned, not very concerned, or not at all concerned?"

		Very concerned	Somewhat concerned	Not very concerned	Not at all concerned	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	12/14-18/16	36	21	16	23	5

"Should Congress and the new Trump administration investigate whether Russia tried to meddle in the U.S. presidential election?"

		Yes	No	Unsure	Refused
		%	%	%	%
	12/14-18/16	62	33	5	1

NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R). Dec. 12-15, 2016. N=1,000 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.1.

"United States intelligence agencies have concluded that hackers working in connection with the Russian government tried to influence the 2016 presidential election, including by hacking into the Democratic National Committee's emails. The Central Intelligence Agency has told officials that the hacked information was released in order to damage the Clinton campaign. How much does it bother you that hackers working in connection with a foreign government were involved in trying to influence our elections: a great deal, quite a bit, just some, very little, or does this not really bother you?"

		%
	A great deal	43
	Quite a bit	12
	Just some	10
	Very little	8
	Does not bother	23
	Unsure	4

"Do you believe that these actions helped Donald Trump win the presidency, or don't you believe that this made a difference in the outcome?"

		Helped Trump	Didn't make a difference	Unsure
		%	%	%
	12/12-15/16	37	57	6

Bloomberg Politics Poll conducted by Selzer & Company. Dec. 2-5, 2016. N=999 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.1.
					.
"For each of the following countries, please tell me if you think relations with the U.S. will be better or worse within the next four years. ... Russia."
					.
		Better	Worse	Unsure
		%	%	%
	12/2-5/16	62	28	11

Pew Research Center. Feb. 18-22, 2015. N=1,504 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.9.
						.
"How much, if anything, have you read or heard about tensions between Russia and Ukraine over territory in eastern Ukraine. Have you heard a lot, a little, or nothing at all?"
						.
		A lot	A little	Nothing at all
		%	%	%
	2/18-22/15	39	41	19
	4/23-27/14	46	34	20
						.
"In response to the situation involving Russia and Ukraine, would you favor or oppose the United States increasing economic and diplomatic sanctions on Russia?"
						.
		Favor	Oppose	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%
	2/18-22/15	60	34	6
	4/23-27/14	53	36	11
						.
"In response to the situation involving Russia and Ukraine, would you favor or oppose the United States sending arms and military supplies to the Ukrainian government?"
						.
		Favor	Oppose	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%
	2/18-22/15	41	53	6
	4/23-27/14	30	62	8
						.
"In response to the situation involving Russia and Ukraine, would you favor or oppose the United States training Ukrainian military troops?"
						.
		Favor	Oppose	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%
	2/18-22/15	49	46	5
						.
"How important to the interests of the United States is what happens between Russia and Ukraine: very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important?"
						.
		Very important	Somewhat important	Not too important	Not at all important	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%	%
	2/18-22/15	30	46	13	7	3
	7/24-27/14	48	35	8	5	4
	4/23-27/14	31	36	16	13	4

CNN/ORC Poll. Feb. 12-15, 2015. N=1,027 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.
						.
"Thinking about the situation in the country of Ukraine, where Russian troops have occupied an area of Ukraine called the Crimean peninsula and pro-Russian militants have taken control of government buildings in several areas in the eastern part of Ukraine. How likely do you think it is that both sides will abide by the recently announced ceasefire agreement between Ukraine and Russia: very likely, somewhat likely, not too likely, or not likely at all?"
						.
		Very likely	Somewhat likely	Not too likely	Not likely at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	2/12-15/15	5	29	38	27	2

Gallup Poll. Feb. 8-11, 2015. N=837 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 4.
						.
"Next, I am going to read you a list of possible threats to the vital interests of the United States in the next 10 years. For each one, please tell me if you see this as a critical threat, an important but not critical threat, or not an important threat at all. ... The conflict between Russia and Ukraine."
						.
		Critical	Important	Not important	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	2/8-11/15	44	45	8	3

CNN/ORC Poll. Sept. 5-7, 2014. N=1,014 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.
						.
"Now here are some questions about the situation in the country of Ukraine, where separatist groups that receive military support from Russia have been fighting the Ukrainian government for control of areas in the eastern part of that country. In general, how concerned are you about the current situation in Ukraine: very concerned, somewhat concerned, not very concerned, or not concerned at all?" 5/14: "Now here are some questions about the situation in the country of Ukraine, where Russian troops have occupied an area of Ukraine called the Crimean peninsula and pro-Russian militants have taken control of government buildings in several areas in the eastern part of Ukraine. ..." 3/14: "Now here are some questions about the situation in the country of Ukraine, where Russia has sent troops into an area of Ukraine called the Crimean Peninsula. ..."
						.
		Very concerned	Somewhat concerned	Not very concerned	Not concerned at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	9/5-7/14	27	45	17	10	1
	5/2-4/14	36	42	13	9	1
	3/7-9/14	30	42	15	12	1
						.
"Do you favor or oppose increased economic sanctions against Russia?"
						.
		Favor	Oppose	Unsure
		%	%	%
	9/5-7/14	67	29	4
						.
"As you may know, Ukraine and Russia have agreed to a cease-fire. Do you think that Russia can be trusted to keep the promises it made in that cease-fire agreement, or don't you think so?"
						.
		Can be trusted	Don't think so	Unsure
		%	%	%
	9/5-7/14	24	73	3

CBS News Poll. July 29-Aug. 4, 2014. N=1,344 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.
						.
"The United States and Europe have enacted additional sanctions against Russia in response to Russia's actions in Ukraine. How effective do you think these sanctions will be in changing Russia's actions in Ukraine: very effective, somewhat effective, not very effective, or not at all effective?"
						.
		Very effective	Somewhat effective	Not very effective	Not at all effective	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/29 - 8/4/14	7	31	31	23	8

CNN/ORC Poll. July 18-20, 2014. N=1,012 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.
						.
"Next, I'd like your overall opinion of some foreign countries. Is your overall opinion of each of the following very favorable, mostly favorable, mostly unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Russia."
						.
		Very favorable	Mostly favorable	Mostly unfavorable	Very unfavorable	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/18-20/14	4	15	41	37	2
	1/31 - 2/2/14	4	37	37	18	3
	5/24-26/11	10	47	28	12	2
	4/3-5/09	6	41	35	16	2
						.
"Now here are a few questions about the Malaysian airplane that was shot down by a missile on Thursday and crashed in an area of Ukraine controlled by separatist groups that receive military support from Russia. "Based on what you have read or heard, do you think it is very likely, somewhat likely, somewhat unlikely or very unlikely that the missile that caused the airplane crash was launched by a separatist group in Ukraine?"
						.
		Very likely	Somewhat likely	Somewhat unlikely	Very unlikely	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	7/18-20/14	56	24	6	8	7
						.
"Just your best guess -- based on what you have read or heard, do you think Russia is directly responsible for the crash of the airplane, indirectly responsible, or not responsible at all?"
						.
		Directly responsible	Indirectly responsible	Not responsible at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	7/18-20/14	34	51	11	5
						.
"If there is clear evidence that Russia is responsible for the airplane crash, what do you think the United States should do in response: take military action against Russia, use economic and diplomatic sanctions but not take military action, or take no action against Russia at all?"
						.
		Military action	Sanctions	No action	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	7/18-20/14	9	71	19	1
						.
"Do you trust the Russians and the separatist groups in Ukraine to cooperate fully with any international investigation of this incident, or do you think the Russians and the separatists groups will attempt to cover something up?"
						.
		Trust to cooperate	Will attempt to cover up	Unsure
		%	%	%
	7/18-20/14	7	91	2

CNN/ORC Poll. May 2-4, 2014. N=1,008 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.
						.
"Do you approve or disapprove of the way Barack Obama is handling the situation in Ukraine?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure
		%	%	%
	5/2-4/14	48	44	7
	3/7-9/14	48	43	9
						.
"What do you think the United States should do in response to the situation in Ukraine: take military action against Russia now, use economic and diplomatic efforts but not take military action right now, or take no action against Russia at this time?"
						.
		Military action	Economic, diplomatic efforts	No action at this time	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	5/2-4/14	6	65	28	1

Pew Research Center/USA Today. April 23-27, 2014. N=1,501 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.9.
						.
"Do you think Barack Obama is being too tough, not tough enough or about right in dealing with the situation involving Russia and Ukraine?"
						.
		Too tough	Not tough enough	About right	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%
	4/23-27/14	6	35	40	20
	3/20-23/14	5	35	43	16

McClatchy-Marist Poll. April 7-10, 2014. N=1,212 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.8.
						.
"Russia has sent troops into the Crimea region of the bordering but independent country of Ukraine in response to a new Ukrainian government. From what you have seen or heard, which comes closer to your view? The U.S. should not draw a hard line against Russia in Ukraine because it could mean losing Russia's cooperation on other issues like Iran and Syria. The U.S. should draw a hard line against Russia in Ukraine regardless of other international issues with Russia."
						.
		Should not draw a hard line	Should draw a hard line	Unsure
		%	%	%
	4/7-10/14	50	42	8
						.
"Do you think the United States should consider military options against Russia, consider only economic and political options, or not get involved in the situation?"
						.
		Military	Economic, political	Not get involved	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	4/7-10/14	7	46	43	4
						.
"Russia has stated it is only interested in Ukraine's Crimea region and will not send troops into the rest of Ukraine. Do you think Russia is more likely to stop at Ukraine's Crimea region or send troops into other regions of Ukraine?"
						.
		Stop at Crimea	Send troops into other regions	Unsure
		%	%	%
	4/7-10/14	25	66	9
						.
"Do you think it is very likely, likely, not very likely or not likely at all the current situation in Ukraine will lead to another cold war between Russia and the United States?"
						.
		Very likely	Likely	Not very likely	Not likely at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	4/7-10/14	13	33	37	12	5
						.
"Do you approve or disapprove of how President Obama is handling the situation between Russia and Ukraine?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure
		%	%	%
	4/7-10/14	45	45	10

Quinnipiac University. March 26-31, 2014. N=1,578 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ą 2.5.
						.
"Do you approve or disapprove of the way Barack Obama is handling the situation involving Russia and Ukraine?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	3/26-31/14	41	47	11
						.
"Thinking about the situation in Ukraine, do you think it is more important for the U.S. to take a firm stand against Russian actions, or not get too involved in the situation?"
						.
		Take a firm stand	Not get too involved	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	3/26-31/14	39	54	7
						.
"Overall, do you support or oppose the United States and its European allies imposing economic sanctions on Russia for its actions involving Ukraine?"
						.
		Support	Oppose	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	ALL	69	21	10
	Republicans	69	22	9
	Democrats	70	19	11
	Independents	69	22	9
						.
"How concerned are you that the current situation in Ukraine will develop into a larger regional conflict that could lead to the U.S. military getting involved? Would you say you are very concerned, somewhat concerned, not so concerned, or not at all concerned about that?"
						.
		Very concerned	Somewhat concerned	Not so concerned	Not at all concerned	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/26-31/14	39	41	13	5	2
						.
"Do you think Barack Obama is being too tough, not tough enough or about right in dealing with the situation involving Russia and Ukraine?"
						.
		Too tough	Not tough enough	About right	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%
	3/26-31/14	6	36	45	13
						.
"Do you believe that developments in Ukraine could lead to a renewal of the 'Cold War' or don't you think so?"
						.
		Could lead to a renewal	Don't think so	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	3/26-31/14	56	35	9
						.
"Would you compare Vladimir Putin's actions against Ukraine to Adolph Hitler's actions against Austria and Czechoslovakia before the outbreak of World War II, or do you think that is too strong a comparison, or do you not know enough about that history?"
						.
		Would compare	Too strong	Do not know enough	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%
	3/26-31/14	24	51	21	4

Gallup Poll. March 22-23, 2014. N=1,012 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 4.
					.
"Do you think the United States and Russia are heading back toward a Cold War, or not?"
					.
		Yes, are	No, are not	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/22-23/14	50	43	7

CBS News Poll. March 20-23, 2014. N=1,097 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.
						.
"Do you approve or disapprove of the way Barack Obama is handling the situation between Russia and Ukraine?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	38	46	16
						.
"How much have you heard or read about the situation between Russia and Ukraine in which Russian troops have entered the Crimean region of Ukraine, and Russia has now recognized Crimea as part of Russia? Have you heard or read a lot, some, or not much?"
						.
		A lot	Some	Not much	Nothing (vol.)
		%	%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	36	33	29	2
						.
"Do you think the United States has a responsibility to do something about the situation between Russia and Ukraine, or doesn't the United States have this responsibility?"
						.
		Has a responsibility	Doesn't have this responsibility	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	ALL	32	61	7
	Republicans	37	58	5
	Democrats	31	61	8
	Independents	29	62	8
						.
"The United States and European countries have enacted sanctions against Russia in response to Russia's actions in the Ukrainian territory of Crimea. Do you approve or disapprove of enacting these sanctions against Russia?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	56	32	12
						.
"How effective do you think these sanctions will be in changing Russian actions in Ukraine and Crimea: very effective, somewhat effective, not very effective, or not at all effective?"
						.
		Very effective	Somewhat effective	Not very effective	Not at all effective	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	5	27	31	27	9
						.
"Do you think the U.S. should or should not provide military aid and equipment to Ukraine in response to Russia's actions in Ukraine and Crimea?"
						.
		Should	Should not	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	26	65	8
						.
"How likely do you think it is that the situation between Russia and Ukraine will become a more widespread conflict involving neighboring countries and other parts of Europe: very likely, somewhat likely, not too likely, or not at all likely?"
						.
		Very likely	Somewhat likely	Not too likely	Not at all likely	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	27	42	20	7	5
						.
"Do you think the situation between Russia and Ukraine is something the United States can do something about, or something beyond the control of the United States?" Options rotated
						.
		Can do something	Beyond U.S. control	Unsure/ No answer
		%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	37	57	6

Pew Research Center. March 20-23, 2014. N=1,002 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.6.
						.
"Thinking about the situation in Ukraine, do you think it is more important for the U.S. to take a firm stand against Russian actions or not get too involved in the situation?" Options rotated
						.
		Take a firm stand	Not get too involved	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	35	52	13
	3/6-9/14	29	56	15
						.
"Thinking about the situation in Ukraine, do you think it is more important for the U.S. to take a firm stand against Russian actions or not get too involved in the situation?" If "Take a firm stand": "And do you think the U.S. should consider military options to address the situation involving Russia and Ukraine, or should it only consider economic and political options?" Combined responses.
						.
		Firm stand: Military	Firm stand: Economic, political	Firm stand: Unsure/ Refused	Not get too involved	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/20-23/14	6	26	3	52	13
	3/6-9/14	8	19	2	56	15

CNN/ORC Poll. March 7-9, 2014. N=801 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.5.
						.
"Would you say that the following represent a very serious threat to the United States, a moderately serious threat, just a slight threat, or no threat at all? Russia."
						.
		Very serious	Moderately serious	Just slight	No threat at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/7-9/14	29	40	19	12	-
	4/13-15/12	11	33	29	24	2
	6/26-28/09	11	28	29	31	1
						.
"Thinking now about Russian President Vladimir Putin, do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of Vladimir Putin, or have you never heard of him?" 1/14: "We'd like to get your overall opinion of the leaders of some foreign countries. As I read each name, please say if you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of these people -- or if you have never heard of them. Russian President Vladimir Putin."
						.
		Favorable	Unfavorable	Never heard of	Unsure
		%	%	%	%
	3/7-9/14	11	68	11	10
	1/31 - 2/2/14	20	54	16	10
						.
"Do you approve or disapprove of the way Barack Obama is handling the situation in Ukraine?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure
		%	%	%
	ALL	48	43	9
	Democrats	74	20	6
	Independents	44	45	11
	Republicans	21	71	8
						.
"Here are some actions which the United States and its allies might take to try to force Russia to remove its troops from the Crimean Peninsula and to make sure Russia does not send troops into other parts of Ukraine. Which of these actions do you favor and which do you oppose? ..."
						.
		Favor	Oppose	Unsure
		%	%	%
						.
	"Imposing economic sanctions on Russia"
	3/7-9/14	59	39	2
						.
	"Providing economic assistance to the Ukrainian government"
	3/7-9/14	46	52	2
						.
	"Cancelling the summit meeting between the leaders of Russia and the U.S. and its Western European allies"
	3/7-9/14	40	58	2
						.
	"Sending weapons and other military supplies to the Ukrainian government"
	3/7-9/14	23	76	2
						.
	"U.S. military action against Russian troops in Ukraine involving air strikes but no ground troops"
	3/7-9/14	17	82	2
						.
	"Sending U.S. ground troops to Ukraine"
	3/7-9/14	12	88	1
						.
"As you may know, Russian troops are currently in the Crimean Peninsula, which is a part of Ukraine's territory, but there are no Russian troops anywhere else in Ukraine. If the Crimean Peninsula becomes part of Russia rather than Ukraine, do you think that would create a crisis for the United States, major problems, minor problems, or no problems at all?"
						.
		A crisis	Major problems	Minor problems	No problems at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/7-9/14	6	25	49	18	2
						.
"And if Russia sent its troops into other parts of Ukraine, do you think that would create a crisis for the United States, major problems, minor problems, or no problems at all?"
						.
		A crisis	Major problems	Minor problems	No problems at all	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/7-9/14	10	41	37	10	1
						.
"Do you think that Russia's actions in Ukraine are or are not a violation of international law?" N=401 (Version A), margin of error ą 5
						.
		A violation	Not a violation	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/7-9/14	81	12	7
						.
"Do you think there was any justification for Russia's actions in Ukraine, or don't you think there was any?" N=400 (Version B), margin of error ą 5
						.
		Justification	No justification	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/7-9/14	17	72	11
						.
"Do you think it is likely or not likely that there will be a new cold war between the United States and Russia in the next few years?" N=401 (Version A), margin of error ą 5
						.
		Likely	Not likely	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/7-9/14	48	49	3
						.
"Thinking about Russia, do you worry about the possibility of nuclear war with Russia, or isn't that something you worry about?" N=400 (Version B), margin of error ą 5
						.
		Worry	Do not worry
		%	%
	3/7-9/14	40	59

Gallup Poll. March 6-9, 2014. N=1,048 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 4.
						.
"How closely are you following the news about Russia's involvement in the situation in Ukraine: very closely, somewhat closely, not too closely or not at all?"
						.
		Very closely	Somewhat closely	Not too closely	Not at all
		%	%	%	%
	3/6-9/14	30	38	18	14
						.
"How worried are you that the current situation in Ukraine will develop into a larger regional conflict that could lead to the U.S. military getting involved? Would you say you are very worried, somewhat worried, not too worried, or not at all worried about that?"
						.
		Very worried	Somewhat worried	Not too worried	Not at all worried	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/6-9/14	27	39	21	12	1

Pew Research Center. March 6-9, 2014. N=1,003 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.6.
						.
"As I read a list of some stories covered by news organizations this past week, please tell me if you happened to follow each news story very closely, fairly closely, not too closely, or not at all closely. ... Russia sending troops into Ukraine's Crimea region in response to a new Ukrainian government."
						.
		Very closely	Fairly closely	Not too closely	Not at all closely	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/6-9/14	28	31	17	23	1
						.
"Do you approve or disapprove of the way the Obama administration is handling the situation involving Russia and Ukraine?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%
	3/6-9/14	30	44	26
						.
"Do you think Russia was justified or not justified in sending troops into Ukraine?"
						.
		Justified	Not justified	Unsure/ Refused
		%	%	%
	3/6-9/14	10	68	22

ABC News/Washington Post Poll. March 5-9, 2014. N=1,014 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.5.
					.
"Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way Barack Obama is handling the situation involving Russia and Ukraine?"
					.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/5-9/14	42	43	15
					.
"Overall, do you support or oppose the United States and its European allies imposing economic sanctions on Russia for its actions involving Ukraine?"
					.
		Support	Oppose	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/5-9/14	56	31	13
					.
"If its European allies do not participate, would you support or oppose the United States alone imposing economic sanctions on Russia?"
					.
		Support	Oppose	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/5-9/14	40	51	10

NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R). March 5-9, 2014. N=1,000 adults nationwide. Margin of error ą 3.1.
						.
"Do you generally approve or disapprove of the job Barack Obama is doing in handling the situation between Russia and Ukraine?"
						.
		Approve	Disapprove	Unsure
		%	%	%
	3/5-9/14	43	40	17
						.
"As you may know, Russia has sent troops into Ukraine, which is an independent country. In response, the United States government, the European Union, and other countries are considering a number of economic and diplomatic actions intended to put pressure on Russia to remove its troops. Do you think the United States should take action by itself, only take action in cooperation with other countries, or let the European Union handle the situation without U.S. involvement? If you do not know enough about this issue to have an opinion, please just say so and we'll move on."
						.
		Take action by itself	Only take action with others	Let European Union handle the situation	Do not know enough about this	Unsure
		%	%	%	%	%
	3/5-9/14	5	48	26	20	1

Russia continued

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